The only current solution in ABAP is to use the static method cl_icu_character=>get_property_value.
Input:
im_c = <character>
im_property = 'General_Category'
Output:
ex_value = 'Lowercase_Letter' , 'Uppercase_Letter' , 'Titelcase_Letter' , etc.
You may map the returned string to a "Perl-like" category name.
Example:
Lowercase_Letter -> Ll
Uppercase_Letter -> Lu
Titlecase_Letter -> Lt
etc.